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Rubiaceae
Rubiaceae is a family of flowering plants, commonly known as the coffee, madder, or bedstraw family. It consists of terrestrial trees, shrubs, lianas, or herbs that are recognizable by simple, opposite leaves with interpetiolar stipules. The family contains about 13,000 species in 611 genera, which makes it the fourth-largest angiosperm family. Rubiaceae has a cosmopolitan distribution, however, the largest species diversity is concentrated in the (sub)tropics.〔 Economic importance includes ''Coffea'', the source of coffee, ''Cinchona'', the source of quinine used to treat malaria, some dye plants (e.g. ''Rubia''), and ornamental cultivars (e.g. ''Gardenia'', ''Ixora'', ''Pentas'').
==Description==
Rubiaceae is morphologically easily recognizable as a coherent group by a combination of characters: opposite leaves that are simple and entire, interpetiolar stipules, tubular sympetalous actinomorphic corollas and an inferior ovary.
A wide variety of growth forms are present: shrubs are most common, but members of the family can also be trees, lianas or herbs. Some epiphytes are also present (e.g. ''Myrmecodia''). The leaves are simple, undivided and entire; leaf blades are usually elliptic, with a cuneate base and an acute tip. In three genera (''Pavetta'', ''Psychotria'', ''Sericanthe''), bacterial leaf nodules can be observed as dark spots or lines on the leaves. The phyllotaxis is usually decussate; rarely whorled (e.g. ''Fadogia''); or rarely alternate resulting from the suppression of one leaf at each node (e.g. ''Sabicea sthenula''). Characteristic for Rubiaceae is the presence of stipules that are mostly fused to an interpetiolar structure on either side of the stem between the opposite leaves. Their inside surface often bears glands called "colleters", which produce mucilaginous compounds protecting the young shoot. The "whorled" leaves of the herbaceous Rubieae tribe have classically been interpreted as true leaves plus interpetiolar leaf-like stipules. The inflorescence is a cyme, rarely of solitary flowers (e.g. ''Rothmannia''), and is either terminal or axillary and paired at the nodes. The flowers are usually bisexual and usually epigynous. The perianth is usually biseriate, although the calyx is absent in some taxa (e.g. ''Theligonum''). The calyx is 4-5-merous with basally fused lobes. The corolla is sympetalous with 4-5 lobes, mostly actinomorphic, usually tubular, often white but also yellow, blue, and (rarely) red. The stamens are 4-5, alternipetalous and epipetalous. Anthers are longitudinal in dehiscence, but some genera are poricidal (e.g. ''Rustia''). The gynoecium is syncarpous with an inferior ovary (rarely secondarily superior, e.g. ''Gaertnera'', ''Pagamea''〔) and 2(3-5+) carpels. Placentation is axial, rarely parietal (e.g. ''Gardenia''); ovules are anatropous to hemitropous, unitegmic, with a funicular obturator, 1-many per carpel. Nectaries are often present as a nectariferous disk atop the ovary. The fruit is a berry, capsule, drupe, or schizocarp. Red fruits are fairly dominant; yellow, orange or blackish fruits are equally common; blue fruits are rather exceptional save in Psychotrieae and associated tribes. Most fruits are about one cm in diameter; very small fruits are relatively rare and occur in herbaceous tribes; very large fruits are rare and confined to Gardenieae. The seeds are endospermous.〔〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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